![]() Undoubtedly, modifications of the ovipositor apparatus have been one of the key factors in the evolution of the parasitoids’ oviposition strategies, the life histories and the enormous diversification of this large and ecologically important insect order. In some species, the ovipositor is also used to form a feeding tube for host feeding or defensive stinging. navigating or penetrating the substrate (if the host is concealed) or the targeted egg/puparium, assessing the host, discriminating between suitable and previously parasitized hosts, piercing the host, injecting venom, oviciding the competitors’ eggs and finding a suitable place for egg laying. Apart from oviposition, their ovipositor serves several tasks in the parasitoid lifestyle, i.e. The vast majority of hymenopterans are parasitoids of other insects. Conclusionsįrom our examination of the elements of the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of ichneumonids, we discussed leverages and muscle forces and developed a functional model of the underlying working mechanisms adding to our understanding of a key feature that has largely determined the evolutionary success of the megadiverse Ichneumonidae with more than 24,000 hitherto described species. The posterior T9-2nd valvifer muscle and the small 1st-valvifer-genital membrane muscle stabilize the system during oviposition. The 1st valvifer acts as a lever arm that transfers movements to the 1st valvula. Thereby, they indirectly tilt the 1st valvifer because it is linked with both of them via intervalvifer and tergo-valvifer articulation, respectively. canescens and forms distinct bundles that, together with the antagonistically acting ventral T9-2nd valvifer muscle, change the relative position of the 2nd valvifer to the female T9. The dorsal T9-2nd valvifer muscle is modified in V. The posterior and the anterior 2nd valvifer-2nd valvula muscles flex and extend the terebra from its resting towards an active probing position and back. We found that the movements of the ichneumonid ovipositor, which consists of the female T9 (9th abdominal tergum), two pairs of valvifers and three pairs of valvulae, are actuated by a set of six paired muscles. Therefore, we examined all inherent cuticular elements and muscles of the ovipositor of the ichneumonid wasp Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst, 1829), investigated the mechanics of the ovipositor system and determined its mode of function. Despite many comparative studies on the structure of the hymenopteran terebra, little is known about functional aspects of the musculoskeletal ovipositor system. Please check the list of supported wi-fi cameras here.Īnother very useful feature of Helicon Remote for mobile devices is geotagging - travel around and make the shots, meanwhile info on your current GPS coordinates and shooting direction will be included to the image metadata.Modifications of the ovipositor appear to have played a prominent role in defining the host range of parasitoid hymenopterans, highlighting an important contributing factor in shaping their oviposition strategies, life histories and diversification. Helicon Remote allows to connect camera not only with a USB cable, but also via wi-fi.
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